20 Tusaalooyinka Kaarboohaydarayt (iyo shaqadooda) - Encyclopedia

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Tusaalooyinka karbohaydraytyada iyo shaqadooda

The karbohaydraytyada, loo yaqaan karbohaydraytyada ama karbohaydraytyada, ayaa ah biomolecules -ka lagama maarmaanka u ah inay tamar siiyaan noolaha si degdeg ah oo qaabaysan, waana sababta ay ugu jiraan dhismaha dhirta, xayawaanka iyo boqoshaada.

The karbohaydraytyada waxay ka kooban yihiin isku -darka atomiga Kaarboon, Hydrogen iyo Oxygen, oo lagu abaabulay silsilad kaarboon ah iyo kooxo hawleedyo kala duwan oo ku lifaaqan, sida carbonyl ama hydroxyl.

Sidaa darteed ereyga "Carbohydrates" run ahaantii maahan mid sax ah, maadaama aysan ahayn su'aal ku saabsan maaddooyinka kaarboon -biyoodka, laakiin taasi waxay ku jirtaa muhiimadda ay leedahay helitaankii taariikhiga ahaa ee nooca xeryahooda kiimikada. Waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeri karaa sonkor, saccharides, ama karbohaydraytyo.

The xidhmooyinka molecular ee karbohaydraytyada yihiin kuwo awood badan oo aad u firfircoon (ee nooca covalent. borotiin ama lipids -ka. Sidoo kale, qaar iyaga ka mid ah ayaa qayb muhiim ah ka ah derbiga unuga geedka iyo cuticle of arthropods.

Sidoo kale eeg: 50 Tusaalooyin Kaarboohaydarayt

Kaarboohaydaraytyada ayaa loo qaybiyaa:

Monosaccharides. Waxaa sameeyay hal molecule oo sonkor ah.
Disaccharides. Wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba molecules oo sonkor ah.
Oligosaccharides. Wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex illaa sagaal molecules sonkor.
Polysaccharides. Silsiladaha sonkorta ee dheeraaday oo ku lug leh maaddooyin badan oo waa polymer -yada noolaha ee muhiimka u ah qaab -dhismeedka ama kaydinta tamarta.

Tusaalooyinka karbohaydraytyada iyo shaqadooda

Glucose. Molecule -ka Isomeric (oo leh waxyaabo isku mid ah laakiin qaab dhismeedyo kaladuwan) oo ah fructose, waa isku -darka ugu badan dabeecadda, maadaama ay tahay isha ugu weyn ee tamarta ee heerka unugga (iyada oo loo marayo oksaydhkeeda catabolic).
Ribose. Mid ka mid ah maaddooyinka muhiimka u ah nolosha, waa qayb ka mid ah dhismayaasha aasaasiga ah ee walxaha sida ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ama RNA (ribonucleic acid), oo lagama maarmaan u ah taranka unugyada.
Deoxyribose. Ku -beddelka kooxda hydroxyl -ka ee aaladda hydrogen ayaa u oggolaanaysa ribose in loo beddelo deoxysugar, taas oo muhiim u ah isku -darka nucleotides -ka oo sameeya silsiladaha DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) halkaas oo macluumaadka guud ee noolaha ku jira.
Fructose. Waxaa ku jira miraha iyo khudaarta, waa molecule walaasheed oo ah gulukoos, oo ay wada sameeyaan sonkor caadi ah.
Glyceraldehyde. Waa sonkorta monosaccharide ee ugu horraysay ee laga helo photosynthesis, inta lagu guda jiro wajigeeda mugdiga ah (wareegga Calvin). Waa talaabo dhexe oo waddooyin badan oo dheef -shiid kiimikaad sonkor ah.
Galactose. Sonkortan fudud ayaa loo beddelaa gulukoos ku jirta beerka, sidaa darteed waxay u adeegtaa sidii gaadiid tamar. Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, waxay sidoo kale samaysaa caanaha caanaha.
Glycogen. Biyo aan ku milmin biyaha, kaydka tamarta ee polysaccharide wuxuu ku badan yahay muruqyada, iyo in ka yar beerka iyo xitaa maskaxda. Xaaladaha baahida tamarta, jidhku wuxuu ku milmiyaa hydrolysis oo u beddelaa gulukoos cusub si uu u cuno.
Lactose. Waxay ka kooban tahay midowga galactose iyo gulukoos, waa sonkorta aasaasiga ah ee caanaha iyo waxyaabaha caanaha laga sameeyo (farmaajo, yogurt).
Eritrosa. Ku jira habka sawir-qaadista, waxay ku jirtaa dabeecadda oo kaliya sida D-erythrose. Waa sonkor aad u milmi leh oo leh muuqaal sharoobada.
Cellulose. Waxay ka kooban tahay unugyo gulukoos, waa noolaha ugu badan biopolymer -ka adduunka, oo ay weheliso chitin. Xadhkaha darbiyada unugga ee dhirta ayaa ka kooban, iyaga oo siinaya taageero, waana walxaha cayriin ee warqadda.
Istaarijka. Sida glycogen uu keyd ugu sameeyo xayawaanka, istaarijka wuxuu u sameeyaa khudaarta. Waa macromolecule ee polysaccharides -ka sida amylose iyo amylopectin, waana isha tamarta ee ay aadamigu u isticmaalaan cuntadooda caadiga ah.

Chitin. Waa maxay cellulose wuxuu ka sameeyaa unugyada dhirta, chitin wuxuu ku sameeyaa fangaska iyo arthropods, isagoo siinaya awood dhisme (exoskeleton).
Fucosa: Monosaccharide oo u shaqaynaya sidii barroosinka silsiladaha sonkorta oo muhiim u ah isku -darka fucoidin, polysaccharide -ka loo isticmaalo dawooyinka.
Ramnosa. Magaceedu wuxuu ka yimaadaa geedka markii hore laga soo saaray (Rhamnus fragula), waa qayb ka mid ah pectin iyo polymers dhirta kale, iyo sidoo kale jeermisyada sida mycobacteria.
Glucosamine. Waxaa loo isticmaalay kaabis cunto ee daaweynta cudurrada rheumatic-ka, amino-sonkortani waa monosaccharide-ka ugu badan ee jira, oo ku yaal darbiyada unugyada fungi iyo qolofka arthropods.
Saccharose. Sidoo kale loo yaqaan sonkorta caadiga ah, waxaa si aad ah looga helaa dabeecadda (malab, galley, qasac sonkor, xididdo). Waana kan ugu macaan badan cuntada dadka.
Stachyose. Gabi ahaanba dadku ma dheefshiido, waa badeecada tetrasaccharide ee midowga gulukooska, galactose iyo fructose, oo laga helo khudaar iyo dhir badan. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida macaaneeyaha dabiiciga ah.
Cellobiose. Sonkor labalaab ah (laba gulukoos) oo soo ifbaxaya inta ay biyuhu ka lumayaan cellulose (hydrolysis). Dabci ahaan xor uma aha.
Matosa. Sonkorta qallalan, oo ka kooban laba molecules gulukoos, waxay ka kooban tahay culeys aad u sarreeya (iyo glycemic), waxaana laga helaa miro shaciir oo soo baxay, ama hydrolysis of starch iyo glycogen.
Cilmi -nafsi. Monosaccharide oo dhif ku ah dabeecadda, ayaa laga sooci karaa antibiyootigga psychofuranin.Waxay bixisaa tamar ka yar sukrose (0.3%), taas oo ah sababta loo baaray iyada oo ah bedelka cuntada ee daaweynta xanuunka glycemic iyo lipid.