Qanacsan
Thewalxaha kiimikada Waa walxo aan sinaba loo yarayn karin ama loogu milmi karin walxo kale oo ka fudud. Sababtaas awgeed, waxaa la dhihi karaa cunsur waa dhan arrin sameeyey atamka isku fasal ah oo gaar ah.
Qeexitaanka koowaad ee curiyaha kiimikada waxaa soo bandhigay Lavoisier in the Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, 1789. Dib ugu noqoshada qarnigii 18aad, Lavoisier wuxuu u qaybiyey walxaha fudud afar kooxood:
- Qaybaha jirka;
- Walxaha oksidizable-ka ah ee aan macdanta lahayn iyo aashitada;
- Walxaha macdanta ah ee la sumayn karo oo la sumayn karo, iyo ...
- Walxaha dhulka ee lagu sifayn karo.
Jadwalka xilliyeed ee walxaha
Maanta 119 walxaha kiimikada ayaa la yaqaan, kuwaas oo loo qaybiyay wadar ahaan 18 kooxood iyo 7 xilli. Dhammaan walxahan waxaa la isugu keenay qorshe garaaf ahaan loo yaqaan Jadwalka Wakhtiyada ee Elements, kaas oo markii hore uu abuuray farmashiistaha Ruushka Dimitri Mendeleyev 1869.
The kooxaha ugu waaweyn oo laga heli karo shaxdan waa biraha alkali, biraha dhulka alkaline, biraha kala-guurka (oo ah kooxda ugu weyn), biraha ka-gudubka ka-dib, biraha, biro lahayn (waxyaabaha aasaasiga u ah nolosha ayaa halkan yaal, sida ogsijiin iyo nitrogen), halogens, Gaasas sharaf leh, iyo ugu dambayntii, waxaa jira laba qaybood oo si gaar ah u kooban, oo ah lanthanides iyo actinides, kuwaas oo mararka qaarkood guud ahaan loogu yeero dhul dhif ah (in kasta oo qaarkood aad u badan yihiin).
Qaar badan oo ka mid ah walxahan waxay leeyihiin isotopes shucaac leh. Curiyeyaasha kiimikada waxay leeyihiin sifooyin dabeecad leh sida barta karkaraya iyo tan fiyuus, electronegativity, cufnaanta iyo ionic radius, iyo kuwo kale. Astaamahani waa muhiim maxaa yeelay waxay oggol yihiin saadaalinta hab -dhaqankeeda, falcelinta, iwm.
Astaamaha iyo xogta
Curiye kasta oo kiimiko ah ayaa u muuqda mid lagu garto dhowr qaybood. Marka hore, iyadu astaanta guud, oo ka kooban hal ama laba xaraf (caadiyan, haddii ay jiraan laba xaraf, kan kowaad wuxuu ku qoran yahay far waaweyn iyo kan ku xiga far -yar).
Kor iyo bidix ayaa ka muuqda farta farta yar sulambarka atamka, kaas oo ah kan tilmaamaya xaddiga proton -ka ee curiyahaani leeyahay. Kadibna magaca buuxa ee curiyaha oo kan hoos ku qoran lambar tilmaamaya cufka atomiga ee garaam halkii bar.
Walxaha kala duwan waxay leeyihiin mugga atomic kala duwan, oo marka tirada protons -ka ee nukleus -ka ay sii kordhaan, waxaa sii weynaata soo jiidashada ay ku yeelato elektaroonnada, sidaa darteed muggu wuxuu u muuqdaa inuu hoos u dhacayo. Marka mugga atomiyuhu yar yahay, elektaroonnada ku jira heerka ugu sarreeya ee daruurta ayaa aad u soo jiita nukleus, si aanay si fudud isugu dhiibin. Taas lidkeeda waxay ku dhacdaa walxo leh mug weyn oo atomic ah: waxay si fudud uga tanaasulaan elektaroonadooda dibadda.
Tusaalooyinka walxaha kiimikada
Curiye kiimiko | Summad |
Actinium | Ac |
Aluminium | Ku socda |
Ameericium | A.M |
Antimony | Sb |
Argon | Ar |
Arsenic | Ace |
Astat | At |
Sulfur | S |
Barium | Ba |
Beryllium | Noqo |
Berkelium | Bk |
Bismuth | Bi |
Bohrio | Bh |
Boron | B |
Bromine | Br |
Cadmium | CD |
Kaalshiyam | AC |
Kaliforniya | Cf |
Kaarboon | C |
Cerium | EC |
Ceesium | Cs |
Koloriin | Cl |
Cobalt | Co |
Copper | Cu |
Chrome | Cr |
Curium | Cm |
Darmstadio | Ds |
Dysprosium | Dy |
Dubnium | Db |
Einsteinium | Waa |
Erbium | Er |
Scandium | Sc |
Tin | Sn |
Strontium | Mudane |
Europium | Eu |
Fermium | Fm |
Fluorine | F |
Ciyaarta | P |
Francius | Fr |
Gadolinium | Gd |
Gallium | Ga |
Germanium | Ge |
Hafnium | Hf |
Hassio | Hs |
Helium | Waan haystaa |
Haydarojiin | H |
Bir | Iimaanka |
Holmium | Ho |
Hindi | Gudaha |
Iodine | I |
Iridium | Si aad u tagto |
Ytterbium | Yb |
Yttrium | IYO |
Krypton | Kr |
Lanthanum | The |
Lawrencio | Lr |
Lithium | Li |
Lutetium | Isniin |
Magnesium | Mg |
Manganese | Mn |
Meitnerius | Mt |
Mendelevium | Md |
Meerkuriga | Hg |
Molybdenum | Mo |
Neodymium | Na |
Neon | Ne |
Neptunium | Np |
Niobium | Nb |
Nikkel | Midna |
Nitrojiin | N |
Nobelio | Maya |
Dahab | Aw |
Osmium | Adiga |
Ogsijiin | AMA |
Palladium | P.S |
Lacag | Ag |
Platinum | Pt |
Hoggaamiya | Pb |
Plutonium | Pu |
Polonium | Po |
Potassium | K |
Praseodymium | Pr |
Prometius | P.m |
Protactinium | Pa |
Raadiyaha | Ra |
Radon | Rn |
Rhenium | Re |
Rhodium | Rh |
Rubidium | Rb |
Ruthenium | Ru |
Rutherfordio | Rf |
Samarium | Haa |
Seaborgio | Sg |
Selenium | waan ogahay |
Silica | Haa |
Sodium | Na |
Thallium | Tl |
Tantalum | Ta |
Technetium | Tc |
Tellurium | Shaah |
Terbium | Tb |
Titanium | Adiga |
Thorium | Th |
Thulium | Tm |
Ununbio | Uub |
Ununhex | Uuh |
Ununio | Uuu |
Ununoctium | Uuo |
Ununpentium | Uup |
Ununquadio | Uuq |
Aan la soo koobi karin | Uus |
Ununtrium | Uut |
Yuraaniyam | AMA |
Vanadium | V |
Tungsten | W |
Xenon | Xe |
Zinc | Zn |
Zirconium | Zr |
Waxay kuu adeegi kartaa:
- Tusaalooyinka Xarumaha Kiimikada
- Tusaalooyinka Falcelinta Kiimikada
- Tusaalooyinka Khatarta Kiimikada
- Tusaalooyinka Biraha iyo Biraha aan Bararka ahayn